Kumasi
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2024) |
Kumasi | |
|---|---|
.jpg)   .jpg) Top to Bottom; Left to Right: Kronom suburb in Kumasi, Prempeh I International Airport, Manhyia Palace, Armed Forces Museum | |
 Flag | |
| Etymology: Twi: Kumase ( 'under the kum tree') | |
_location_map.png)  Kumasi  Kumasi  Kumasi | |
| Coordinates: 06°42′00″N 01°37′30″W / 6.70000°N 1.62500°W | |
| Country |  Ghana |
| Administrative division |  Ashanti |
| Municipality | Kumasi Metropolitan |
| Founded | 1680 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor–council |
| • Mayor | Samuel Pyne |
| Area | |
| • City | 299 km2 (115 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 250 m (820 ft) |
| Population | |
| • City | 443,981 |
| • Density | 1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 3,490,030 |
| Time zone | UTC |
| Postal codes | AK000-AK911 |
| Area code | 032 20 |
| Climate | Aw |
| Website | kma.gov.gh |
_of_Kumasi.png)
Kumasi[a] is a city in the Ashanti Region, and is among the largest metropolitan areas in Ghana. Kumasi is located in a rain forest region near Lake Bosomtwe, and is the commercial, industrial, and cultural capital of the historical Ashanti Empire. Kumasi is approximately 500 kilometres (300 mi) north of the Equator and 200 kilometres (100 mi) north of the Gulf of Guinea. Kumasi is alternatively known as "The Garden City"[7] because of its many species of flowers and plants in the past. It is also called Oseikrom, after Osei Kofi Tutu I who was a king in the Ashanti empire.[8]
Kumasi is the second-largest city in Ghana, after the capital, Accra.[9] The Central Business District of Kumasi includes areas such as Adum, Bantama, Kejetia, Asawasi, Pampaso, and Bompata (popularly called Roman Hill), with a concentration of banks, department stalls, and hotels. Economic activities in Kumasi include financial and commercial sectors, pottery, clothing weaving, Weaving of basket and textiles. There is a significant timber processing community in Kumasi that serves the domestic market. Bantama High Street and Prempeh II Street in Bantama and Adum, respectively, are the business and entertainment hubs in Kumasi.[citation needed]
History
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Kumasi derived from the Twi word Kumase, meaning 'under the kum tree' in which kum meant 'the tree' and ase means 'under'. The word was the name of a Okum tree in Kwaman, planted by Okomfo Anokye.[6]
Origins
[edit]_p344_PLATE_9_-_COOMASSIE,_PART_OF_ADAM_STREET.jpg)
There is evidence that the area around Kumasi has been kept cleared since the Neolithic age and that the first human settlement was at Lake Bosomtwe.[citation needed]
Early settlement
[edit]Around the end of the 17th century, the Ashanti Kingdom's chief Fetish Priest, Okomfo Anokye planted three kum trees at different places: one at Kwaaman, ruled by the Nananom Ayokofuo; a second one at Apemso-Bankofo, ruled by Nananom Aduanafuo; and a third at a village near Fomena and Amoafo called Oboani, which was ruled by Nananom Ɛkoɔnafuo. Komfuo wanted to see which of these would become a great city for the kingdom, as he was directed by the oracles. The kum tree at Kwaaman flourished so vigorously that the King and his people often sat underneath, and so Kwaaman became Kum-ase, meaning 'under kum'.[citation needed]
The tree at Oboani was, however, very tiny and for no apparent reason, relatively short. According to oral tradition, this small tree produced other trees that were all small in size. The name of the village was changed to Kuma, meaning 'small kum'.[citation needed]
The kum tree at Apemso-Bankofo did not grow at all. After a few weeks the leaves withered and the tree fell down; so it was said that the village's kum tree was dead, and the village became Kum-awu, later Kumawu.[5]
Ashanti Empire
[edit]_p364_PLATE_11_-_SKETCH_OF_COOMASSIE.jpg)
The city rose to prominence in 1695, when it became the capital of the Ashanti Empire due to the activities of its ruler, Osei Tutu.[11] The ruler of Kumasi, known as the Asantehene, also served as the ruler of the empire. With their 1701 victory over Denkyira, the Ashanti empire became the primary state among the Ashantis.[12] In 1718–19, Aowin King Ebirimoro invaded Kumasi and sacked the capital.[13] Asantehene Opoku Ware I was able to "beat back" this invasion.[14]
European sources in the late 19th century mentioned the city's neatness such as the account of F. Boyle in 1874 who stated Kumasi's smell "are never those of sewage" as well as Brackenbury, who wrote around 1873 that "the streets are generally very broad and clean, and ornamented with many beautiful banyan-trees affording grateful shade from the powerful rays of the sun."[15] In contrast, William Butler described the city as 'a filthier, and far more blood-stained collection of mud and wattle hovels than any other village in the forest.'[16] Parts of the city, including the then royal residence, were burnt by the British in the Third Anglo-Ashanti War of 1874.[17]
.png)
In 1888, R. Austin Freeman was disappointed with the ruins of Kumasi following the British destruction in 1874 and the Ashanti civil war before 1888.
Kumasi was a great disappointment to me, and my disappointment increased as I walked round and examined the town. It was not merely that so little existed, but that so much had been destroyed. As it stands, or then stood, the town was nothing more than a large clearing in the forest, over which were scattered, somewhat irregularly, groups of houses. The paths were dirty and ill kept, and between the groups of houses large patches of waste ground intervened, and on these, amidst the tall, coarse grass that covered them, were to be seen the remains of houses that had once occupied them. These houses once stood in wide and regular streets, but since the destruction of the city in 1874 the natives do not seem to have had heart to rebuild them. Yet there remained some few vestiges to show what Kumasi had been in its palmy days... A few broad, well-kept streets still existed, lined by houses, [of] ... admirable construction, careful and artistic finish and excellent repair...
— R. Austin Freeman.[18]
Population of Kumasi during the time of the Ashanti Empire varied. In the early 19th century, Ashanti sources estimated a populace of 100,000 while European sources gave a figure around 12–15,000.[18] According to historian Ivor Wilks, the city may have had a population of 40,000 in the 1860s.[19]
Lady Mary Alice Hodgson, the first English lady to visit Ashanti, wrote "The Siege of Kumasi", an account of the siege of the fort by the nationals of Ashanti and of the subsequent march to the coast.[20] (She was the daughter of Hon. W. A. G. Young, C.M.G., former governor of the Gold Coast, and the wife of Sir Frederick Mitchell Hodgson, K.C.M.G., the governor of the Gold Coast in 1900.[20])
Colonial era
[edit]
In 1926, following the return of the Ashanti King Prempeh I after 30-year in exile in Seychelles Island, Kumasi was vested with ceremonial control over the Ashanti sub-states. The full role of king was restored by the colonial administration in 1935. The city holds an important place in the history of the Ashanti people, as legend claims that it was here Okomfo Anokye received the golden stool, an embodiment of the soul of Ashanti nation.[21]
Geography
[edit]Metropolitan area
[edit]
Kumasi is located in the Kumasi Metropolitan, one of more than thirty districts in the Ashanti Region. It covered a land area of 214.3 km2 (2.307×109 sq ft) and is elevated 250 to 300 mm (0.82 to 0.98 ft) above sea level. The metropolitan bordered the Kwabre East Municipal District and Afigya Kwabre North District to the north, the Atwima Kwanwoma District and Atwima Nwabiagya Municipal District to the west, the Ejisu Municipal District and Asokore Mampong Municipal District towards the east and the Bosomtwe District to the south.[8]: 1
Environmental issues
[edit]Due to large amounts of encroachment, water pollution in the city is increasing, threatening rivers such as the Wiwi and the Subin. A 2024 report said that in the Kumasi Metropolitan, "more land alongside the rivers was being used for industrial, residential and commercial purposes than for green spaces." The researchers criticized that "city authorities were ineffective in controlling development in these areas" and recommended that "there should be a buffer of 100 feet (30 metres) along water bodies."[22]
Climate
[edit]Kumasi has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw), with two distinct rainy seasons, major and minor. The major season usually occurs from March to July whilst the minor season is from September to November. The annual rainfall clocks in at around 1,200 mm (3.9 ft) while the relative humidity ranges around 53% to 93%. The average monthly mean temperatures are around 31 °C (88 °F) while the monthly minimum temperatures are about 22 °C (72 °F).[23]
| Climate data for Kumasi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1984–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.5 (99.5) |
38.9 (102.0) |
38.5 (101.3) |
36.4 (97.5) |
35.2 (95.4) |
33.9 (93.0) |
32.5 (90.5) |
32.6 (90.7) |
33.1 (91.6) |
33.9 (93.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.9 (96.6) |
38.9 (102.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 33.2 (91.8) |
34.5 (94.1) |
33.9 (93.0) |
32.8 (91.0) |
32.0 (89.6) |
30.3 (86.5) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
29.6 (85.3) |
31.0 (87.8) |
32.2 (90.0) |
32.2 (90.0) |
31.6 (88.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.4 (81.3) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.3 (77.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.3 (81.1) |
27.0 (80.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 21.7 (71.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.3 (72.1) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 11.7 (53.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
17.8 (64.0) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
17.2 (63.0) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.9 (57.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
10.6 (51.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 24.8 (0.98) |
49.0 (1.93) |
109.9 (4.33) |
163.6 (6.44) |
174.0 (6.85) |
227.3 (8.95) |
125.6 (4.94) |
68.8 (2.71) |
175.1 (6.89) |
175.6 (6.91) |
50.1 (1.97) |
27.6 (1.09) |
1,371.4 (53.99) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 1.4 | 3.7 | 7.7 | 9.5 | 10.9 | 12.3 | 8.3 | 6.9 | 12.0 | 13.2 | 5.6 | 2.2 | 93.7 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 178.5 | 177.4 | 187.8 | 192.3 | 191.5 | 135.2 | 98.8 | 75.9 | 93.7 | 159.4 | 196.2 | 180.5 | 1,867.2 |
| Source 1: NOAA[24] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Sistema de Classification Bioclimática Mundial (extremes 1984–1990)[25] | |||||||||||||
Culture
[edit]
Features of the city include Fort Kumasi (built by in 1896 to replace an Asante fort and now a museum) and the Kumasi Hat Museum. Royal Asante attractions include the Kumasi National Cultural Centre (including the Prempeh II Jubilee Museum with Asante regalia with a reproduction of the golden stool), the Okomfo Anokye Sword, the Asantehene's Palace (built in 1972), and the Manhyia Palace, dating from 1925, now a museum.[26]
Places of worship
[edit].jpg)
Among the places of worship, which are predominantly Christian churches and temples, are: Methodist Church, Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Church of the Province of West Africa, (Anglican Communion), Seventh-day Adventist Church Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Ghana (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Christ Apostolic Church International (which was the first Pentecostal church in Ghana) Ghana Baptist Convention (Baptist World Alliance), Lighthouse Chapel International, Church of Pentecost, Assemblies of God, and Catholic Church Archdiocese of Kumasi (Catholic Church).[27] There are also Muslim mosques which include: Kumasi Central Mosque, Ahmadiyya mosque, Alhaj mosque, Kaase-Nhyiaeso mosque and Rahman mosque.
Economy
[edit]The main occupations in Kumasi are professional, such as services and manufacturing.
Mining and exports
[edit]
Manufacturing
[edit]Kumasi has 50% of the timber industry of Ghana, and the Kaasi Industrial Area plays an important role in the local industry. The Guinness Ghana Breweries are based in Kumasi.
Energy
[edit]Solar panels are prevalent in Kumasi and throughout the Ashanti region. Solar energy technology is a major energy source and contributor to electricity generation in the region.
Commerce
[edit]Much of the shopping and trading activity in the city takes place at Kumasi's shopping streets, in and around Kejetia Market and Adum. These two areas border each other. There is also heavy economic activities at Bantama and Asafo. Asafo in particular is the printing hub of Kumasi. Most of the printing done in Kumasi and Ashanti Region as a whole is done at Asafo. Kumasi's Ahwiaa (a sub-town in Kumasi) is also well noted for its wood carvings and arts.
FM stations
[edit]Infrastructure
[edit]Education
[edit]_%E2%80%93_Side_view_of_the_College_of_Architecture_and_Planning.JPG)
Primary school
[edit]There are both government-assisted primary schools in Kumasi and also private primary schools in Kumasi which educate boys and girls between the ages from 6 to 15.
Secondary education
[edit]There are elite all-boys and all-girls senior high schools such as Prempeh College, Kumasi High School, T I Ahmadiyya School, Opoku Ware School, Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Senior High School and St. Louis Senior High School in Kumasi. There are also many elite mixed senior high schools such as Kumasi Academy and Anglican Senior High School, and a host of other public secondary schools, as well as their private counterparts in the city.
Tertiary institutions
[edit]The Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (formerly the Kumasi College of Technology) is the biggest university in the Ashanti Region and the first biggest in Ghana followed by the University of Ghana. Former Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan attended this institution. A number of other public and private universities and tertiary institutions have since been founded in Kumasi, some of which are listed below.
| Institution | Location | Private/ Public | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology | Bomso to Anwomaso | Public | |
| Wesley College of Education | Tafo | Public | |
| St Louis College of Education | Mmrom | Public | |
| Garden City University College | Kenyase | Private | Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology |
| Christian Service University College | Santasi | Private | University of Ghana |
| Ghana Baptist University College | Amakom | Private | University of Cape Coast |
| Valley View University (Kumasi Campus) | Oduom | Private | |
| University College of Management Studies (Kumasi Campus) | Ayeduase | Private | |
| Christ Apostolic University College | Kwadaso | Private | |
| Kessben University | Lake Road | Private | Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (est. 2020)
formerly the University of Education, Winneba (Kumasi Campus) Tanoso |
Sports
[edit]
The local football (soccer) team, the Kumasi Asante Kotoko, has won several national and continental trophies and awards, and serves as a rival to the Accra-based Hearts of Oak. Their Kumasi Sports Stadium, also known as Baba Yara Stadium, was built in 1959, renovated in 1978, and again in 2007 with a seating capacity of 40,000.[30] It is also the home of the King Faisal Football Club, a premier division side.
There is the Royal Golf Club which has the Asantehene as president. Former Leeds United and Ghana national football team footballer Tony Yeboah and professional wrestler Kofi Kingston were born in Kumasi, by the real name Kofi Sarkodie-Mensah.
The parents of Israeli Olympic sprinter, and 2022 World U20 Champion, Blessing Afrifah are from Kumasi.[31][32][33]
Healthcare
[edit]
Kumasi has the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital to support medical training at the university, the West End Hospital, several other private hospitals, public clinics and hospitals. Recommended private medical facilities include Kumasi Rabito Clinic located at Ahondwo-Daban Kumasi behind the Unity Oil Filling Station. There is also the KNUST hospital that serves people in the university and surrounding communities. The only specialized breast cancer hospital in Ghana called Peace and Love Hospital is located in Kumasi on the Accra-Kumasi Road, in Oduom.
Kumasi is home to the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, which is located on a hill that overlooks the city. It is a 750-bed facility and is the second largest hospital in the country. The hospital opened in 1954 and was initially named Kumasi Central hospital. Nurses Training College and the Midwifery Training School, both built around the 40s and 50s, became a part of the hospital upon its completion, eventually becoming the Kumasi Nurses and Midwifery Training School.[34]
Housing
[edit]
Compound houses are the most popular style of housing in Kumasi, being able to house 8 to 15 households on average. An typical compound house is usually an one-storey building containing of single rooms surrounding a square courtyard. They are usually built using low-cost construction materials and by local labour.[35] A 1996 study found that approximately 20% of home owners actually own their homes and more than 60% are migrants, either foreign or from other parts of Ghana.[36]
Recreational parks and gardens
[edit]The city is home to numerous recreational parks and gardens which are open to the public, with the per capita green spaces around 4.7 square metres (51 sq ft).[37]: 7 Some major parks are Abbey's Park which is located some few meters away from Kejetia, Jackson's Park, Hero's Park located on the same premises as the Baba Yara Sports Stadium, and finally the Rattray Park which was commissioned in 2015.[38] Although, the state of most of these parks are poor at best and are barely maintain.[37]: 8 The city is also home to the Kumasi Zoo, also known as the Kumasi Zoological Garden, located at the heart of the city. It is operated by the Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission of Ghana. The conditions of the zoo's facilities are poor and are in despair need for repair, according to locals.[37]: 10, 13, 12
Transportation
[edit]Air
[edit]Kumasi is served by the Prempeh l International Airport . As of May 2020, two airlines offered regularly scheduled flights to Accra. Airlines servicing the airport included Africa World Airlines and Passion Air. In 2013, the Government of Ghana approved expansion plans to the Kumasi Airport to service international flights into the region. The airport was renovated and completed by October 2022.[39]
Bus and taxicab
[edit]There is public transportation from Kumasi to major cities such as Accra; Tamale, Mim, Ahafo ; Cape Coast, Sunyani; Takoradi; Tema; Ho; Wa; Bolgatanga; Elubo; Aflao, Techiman; Public transport in the city is provided by transit buses, a mix of privately owned mini-buses known as tro-tros, taxicabs and buses. Tro-tros are usually converted mini-buses that run regular, well-known routes. Some taxis also run regular routes, which cost more but provide for a more comfortable ride.[citation needed]
In 2002, the city introduced the metro bus services, a rapid transit system for public road transport in Kumasi (MetroMass).[40] This was to reduce congestion on roads and to make a larger and more organized bus routine system in the city.[41]
In 2017, Uber introduced services in Kumasi, a year after a successful introduction in Accra.
Rail
[edit]Kumasi is served by the railway lines to Sekondi-Takoradi and Accra. The train service has been suspended for several years because of damaged track, bridges and locomotives. Currently, no trains run to and from Kumasi due to the collapse of the railway corporation. A $6 billion project to upgrade the railways was due to get underway in 2011.[42]
Port
[edit]As of 2011[update], construction of the Boankra Inland Port, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) away, has come to a halt.[43]
International relations
[edit]Sister cities
[edit]The following is a list of settlements Kumasi is twinned with:
| Country | City | County / district / region / state | Date[a] | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Ivory Coast |
 Abidjan |
Lagunes | 2004 | [44] |
| Treichville | ||||
 USA |
 Atlanta |
 Georgia |
2010 | [45] |
 Netherlands |
 Almere |
 Flevoland |
2001 | [46] |
| USA |
  Charlotte |
 North Carolina |
1996 | [47] |
| USA |
 Columbus |
 Ohio |
2008 | [48] |
| USA |
 Newark |
 New Jersey |
1999 | [49] |
| USA |
 Winston-Salem |
North Carolina |
2001 | [50] |
 China |
Wenzhou | Zhejiang | 2016 | [51] |
a Numbers in date column list the year of twinning.
Notable people
[edit]- Amerado, musician[52]
- Kofi Annan, United Nations secretary-general (1997–2006) and co-recipient of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize[53]
- Kofi Kingston, Ghanaian-American professional wrestler, currently signed to WWE, born in Kumasi[54]
- Shakur Mohammed, footballer[55]
- Mohammed Muntari, footballer[56]
- Mohammed Salisu, footballer[57]
- Philomena Nyarko, statistician[58]
- Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II, monarch, current Asantehene of Asante[59]
- Kwame Baah, music manager[60]
See also
[edit]Explanatory notes
[edit]- ^ /kuːˈmɑːˈsiː/ koo-ma-SEE;[4] historically spelled Comassie or Coomassie;[5] Twi: Kumase[6]
References
[edit]- ^ "Demographic Characteristics". Ghanadistricts.com. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
- ^ Ghana: Administrative Division
- ^ "World Population Review". Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ Kumasi. Merriam-webster. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
- ^ a b Brempong, O. (1991). "Twi etymology: a study in ethno-linguistlcs". Research Review. 7 (1). Retrieved 19 September 2024.
...Kumasi (the capital of Ashanti), originated when the legendary priest, Okomfo Anokye, planted Okum trees, one at Kwaman...
- ^ "Kumasi: The Garden City without gardens?". Graphic Online. 31 July 2013. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ a b 2010 population & housing census (PDF) (Report). Kumasi Metropolitan: Ghana Statistical Service. 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ "The grasscutter shows why it is hard to stop bushmeat hunting". The Economist. 31 August 2017. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ Ivor Wilks (1989), p. 375–377
- ^ "Kumasi | Ghana". Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ McCaskie, T. C. "Denkyira in the Making of Asante" in The Journal of African History vol. 48 (2007) no. 1, p. 1
- ^ Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1992). Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. University of California Press. p. 419. ISBN 9780435948115. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
- ^ Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African History: A - G.. 1. Taylor & Francis. p. 60. ISBN 9781579582456. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
- ^ Maier, D. (1979). "Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 21 (1): 63–81. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012652. JSTOR 178452. PMID 11614369. S2CID 19587869.
- ^ Beckett, Ian (2009). Wolseley and Ashanti. The History Press for the Army Records Society. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-7524-5180-0.
- ^ David Owusu-Ansah, Historical Dictionary of Ghana, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2014, p. xliii
- ^ a b Joseline Donkoh, Wilhelmina (2004). "Kumasi: Ambience of Urbanity and Modernity". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (8): 167–183 (169). ISSN 0855-3246. JSTOR 41406712. S2CID 161253857.
- ^ Ivor Wilks (1989), p. 374
- ^ a b Morgan, Henry James, ed. (1903). Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada. Toronto: Williams Briggs. p. 160.
- ^ "Kumasi". Ashantibiz. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ Takyi, S.; Amponsah, O. (7 February 2024). "Ghana: Kumasi city's unplanned boom is destroying two rivers – sewage, heavy metals and chemical pollution detected". The Conversation. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
- ^ Bessah, E.; Amponsah, W.; Ansah, S.; et al. (23 February 2022). "Climatic zoning of Ghana using selected meteorological variables for the period 1976–2018". Meteorological Applications. 29 (1). figure 2. doi:10.1002/met.2049. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
- ^ "Kumasi Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
- ^ "Ghana–Kumasi". Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
- ^ "Kumasi Fort and Military Museum". Ghana Museums & Monuments Board. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘‘Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices’’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 1209-1211
- ^ "Implement Asamang-Tamfoe community mining plan — Youth group". Joynewsplus.com. 13 January 2022. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
- ^ Ndetei, Chris (19 July 2018). "List of radio stations in Kumasi". Yen.com.gh - Ghana news. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
- ^ Amoah, Gabriel (27 June 2007). "Baba Yara stadium ready in October". TheStatesManOnline.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ "Blessing Akwasi AFRIFAH | Athlete profile". European Athletic Association. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
- ^ Rakovsky, Ido (28 July 2022). "הוא שובר שוב ושוב את שיאי ישראל, אך עדיין חולם על אזרחות למשפחתו" [He repeatedly breaks Israel's records, but still dreams of citizenship for his family]. Haaretz (in Hebrew). Retrieved 16 July 2023.
- ^ Halickman, Joshua (12 August 2022). "Afrifah a true blessing for Israeli sprinting". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
- ^ Govindaraj, R.; Obuobi, A.; Enyimayew, N.; Antwi, P.; Ofosu-Amaah, S. (1996). "Hospital Autonomy in Ghana: The Experience of Korle Bu and Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospitals" (PDF). Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. p. 27. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ Asante, L.; Ehwi, R. (29 October 2020). "Ghana has a housing crisis: what we found in Kumasi, and what needs to change". The Coversation. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ Sinai, I. (1998). "Using the home for income-generation: The case of Kumasi, Ghana". Cities. 15 (6). doi:10.1016/S0264-2751(98)00037-7. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ a b c "The state of green spaces in Kumasi City (Ghana): lessons for other African cities" (PDF). Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis. 8 (2). Bucharest University Press. 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ "KMA constructs first dancing fountain in Africa". Myjoyonline. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ "New terminal for Kumasi International Airport to be ready in October 2022". Ghana Broadcasting Corporation. 28 July 2021. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
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Bibliography
[edit]- Ivor Wilks (1989). Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order. CUP Archive. ISBN 9780521379946. Retrieved 29 December 2020 – via Books.google.com.
External links
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